European Space Agency (ESA)

This astronaut visited the International Space Station.

ISS Visitor

This astronaut crossed the Kármán Line (100 km), the internationally accepted boundary of space.

Crossed Kármán Line

This astronaut is the first woman from France to go to space.

First Woman from France

Soyuz TM-33

Soyuz TM-33 was a Soyuz spacecraft swap at the International Space Station to give the Expedition 3 crew a new lifeboat and emergency return to Earth spacecraft.

Soyuz is a human-carrying capsule built and operated by Russia, capable of transporting up to three people to the Space Station at a time. It has been upgraded numerous times since its first use in the 1960s for the Soviet lunar program and was the only crewed vehicle for the Station from 2011 to 2020.

Soyuz

Soyuz TM-24

Soyuz TM-24 was a crew ferry flight to and from Space Station Mir. It delivered part of the EO-21 long duration crew to the station.

Claudie Haigneré

France

CCCP

Roscosmos

This astronaut is in the top 5% for total spacewalking time.

Elite Spacewalker

This astronaut is in the top 5% for total time in space.

Elite Spaceflyer

This astronaut has spent over a month in space.

Space Resident

Soyuz TM-29

This mission took the EO-26 long duration crew to Space Station Mir.

Soyuz TM-11

This mission launched the two-person EO-8 crew to Mir and also a Japanese reporter on a visitation flight to the station.

Soyuz TM-18

Soyuz TM-18 ferried the EO-15 crew to and from Space Station Mir.

Viktor M. Afanasyev

USSR

Russia

Soyuz TMA-3

Soyuz TMA-3 ferried the two-person Expedition 8 crew to and from the International Space Station. ESA astronaut Duque joined for a short duration mission, returning to Earth on Soyuz TMA-2.

Soyuz TM-14

Soyuz TM-14 was the first Russian human space launch using what had been Soviet Union rocketry and property. Russian assumed the former Soviet Union's space program when the USSR collapsed in December 1991. It was the first human launch to what was now the Russian space station Mir and was a ferry flight taking the EO-11 long duration crew to and from the station.

Soyuz TM-30

Soyuz TM-30 was a privately funded mission to the Mir space station. It was the first privately paid for spaceflight in history and was designed as the first of several MirCorp missions to offer the station for commercial use. Those plans ultimately did not happen, and this proved to be the final visit of humans to Mir. It was time to move on to the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-01M

Soyuz TMA-01M ferried three members of the Expedition 25 crew to the International Space Station. This was the first flight of the Soyuz TMA-M variant.

Aleksandr Kaleri

STS-111 (Endeavour)

This Space Shuttle flight rotated the Expedition 4 and 5 International Space Station crews and delivered Canadarm2's Mobile Base System, which gave the arm extra reach and mobility.

The first reusable launch and landing spacecraft, the Space Shuttle began a new chapter of human space exploration. It launched like a rocket but landed on a runway like a plane. Shuttle crews deployed dozens of commercial satellites and two interplanetary probes to Venus and Jupiter. The Shuttle served as a mini space station and hosted hundreds of biomedical, psychological, physiological, materials science, and physics experiments that have directly benefited life on Earth. The five flight-worthy Shuttles -- Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour -- flew 135 missions over 30 years. The Shuttles helped construct the Russian Mir space station and brought nearly 80% of the International Space Station to orbit. Shuttles also deployed and serviced the Hubble Space Telescope.

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