Amazon Leo, formerly known as Project Kuiper, is Amazon’s low Earth orbit satellite-internet initiative designed to provide broadband access to regions that lack reliable connectivity. The new name “Leo” refers directly to low Earth orbit (LEO), the orbital regime where the constellation operates. The system will use a constellation of more than 3,000 satellites operating about 590–630 kilometers (366–391 miles) above Earth, supported by gateway ground stations and global fiber infrastructure. Its goal is to serve unserved and underserved populations, including individuals, schools, hospitals, businesses, and government agencies in remote or infrastructure-limited areas. Development began in 2018 and received FCC approval in 2020. The first two prototype satellites launched in October 2023, and Amazon has since deployed more than 150 operational satellites as part of early constellation build-out.

Amazon Leo is managed by Amazon’s Devices and Services division, with satellites manufactured in Kirkland, Washington, and launch integration handled at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Amazon has secured more than 80 launch missions with ULA, Arianespace, Blue Origin, and SpaceX. SpaceX, which operates Starlink, is one of Amazon Leo’s direct competitors in the satellite-internet market. FCC regulations require Amazon to place at least half of its constellation in orbit by July 2026 and complete deployment by July 2029. The satellites incorporate optical inter-satellite laser links to increase throughput and reduce latency.

To reach customers, Amazon Leo uses three categories of user terminals: the compact Leo Nano offering speeds around 100 Mbps; the mid-range Leo Pro supporting roughly 400 Mbps; and the enterprise-grade Leo Ultra, capable of up to 1 Gbps. Amazon plans limited service availability for select enterprise users by late 2025, expanding in 2026 as more satellites reach orbit. The spacecraft are designed with debris-mitigation and astronomical-impact-reduction measures, including controlled deorbiting procedures and brightness-management practices.

Courtesy of Amazon.

United Launch Alliance's brand new launch vehicle, Vulcan Centaur is a two-stage-to-orbit, heavy-lift launch vehicle. It will replace both of ULA's existing launchers (Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy) which are retiring.

Specs

Height: 61.6 m (202 ft)

Diameter: 5.4 m (18 ft)

Mass: 546,700 kg (1,205,300 lb)

Stages: 2 and 0, 2, 4 or 6 boosters

Capacity

Payload to low Earth orbit (28.7°): Mass: 27,200 kg (60,000 lb)

Payload to geostationary transfer orbit (27.0°): Mass 14,400 kg (31,700 lb)

Payload to geostationary orbit: Mass 7,200 kg (15,900 lb)

Payload to trans-lunar injection: Mass 12,100 kg (26,700 lb)

On Monday, January 8th, 2024, United Launch Alliance successfully launched the maiden flight of its new Vulcan rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. The new launcher is powered by Blue Origin's BE-4 engines and marks the first time the Bezos-owned company's hardware has flown an orbital mission.

United Launch Alliance has a proven and uninterrupted record of launching many of NASA's flagship science missions like the Perseverance Mars rover, the Parker Solar Probe, and sample return mission OSIRIS-REx. Just to name a few.

ULA Chief Tory Bruno remarked on the seemingly perfect maiden launch by noting that the only problem that arose was a broken coffee machine in launch control. It was fixed by a nearby rocket scientist before liftoff.

Praise came from across the industry, and included was a congratulatory reply on X from Bruno's nemesis SpaceX CEO Elon Musk. Many expect Vulcan to provide some competition in the Falcon-dominated launch market.

Configurations

Vulcan is available in four standard offering configurations including zero, two, four, and six solid rocket booster (SRB) variants.

Payload Fairings

The spacecraft is encapsulated in a 5.4-m- (17.7-ft-) diameter payload fairing (PLF), a sandwich composite structure made with a vented aluminum-honeycomb core and graphite-epoxy face sheets. The bisector (two-piece shell) PLF encapsulates the spacecraft. The payload attach fitting (PAF) is a similar sandwich composite structure creating the mating interface from the spacecraft to the second stage and payload fairing. The PLF separates using a debris-free horizontal and vertical separation system with spring packs and frangible joint assembly. The payload fairing comes in the 15.5-m (51-ft) standard and 21.3-m (70-ft) long configurations.

Multi-Manifest
With multi-manifest, two or more spacecraft are integrated into a launch vehicle — optimizing mass to orbit and enabling missions. Depending on the size of the spacecraft, multi-manifesting on a Vulcan rocket can be done in several ways. The Aft Bulkhead Carrier (ABC) interfaces at the aft end of the Centaur upper stage and can carry up to 24U CubeSats weighing 80 kg each. The Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA Ring) is located between the upper stage and the primary payload and can accommodate 4-6 payload modules weighing up to 318 kg each. Finally, for small satellites exceeding the mass of an ESPA capability, the Multi-Payload Canister System is a load-bearing separating canister that can be utilized to enclose an aft small satellite while supporting a forward traditional large satellite.

Main Engine

Booster propulsion is provided by a pair of BE-4 engines, manufactured by Blue Origin.

Solid Rocket Boosters

Vulcan integrates up to six Northrop Grumman Graphite Epoxy Motor (GEM) 63XL Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs). They are constructed out of a graphite-epoxy composite with the throttle profile designed into the propellant grain.

Upper Stage

Vulcan will rely on two RL10C engines to power its second stage. Logging a record of nearly 400 successful flights and nearly 700 firings in space, RL10 engines, manufactured by Aerojet Rocketdyne, harness the power of high-energy liquid hydrogen. The RL10 boasts a precision control system and restart capability to accurately place payloads into orbit.

Courtesy of Jenny Hautmann for Supercluster

Space Launch Complex 41 (SLC-41) is a significant launch site located at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) in Florida. Originally built in the 1960s, SLC-41 was designed to support the Titan III and Titan IV rocket programs. Throughout its history, the pad has been used for various missions, including the deployment of military and reconnaissance satellites. A notable launch from SLC-41 was the Cassini spacecraft mission, which began its journey to Saturn in 1997.

In the early 2000s, SLC-41 was repurposed to support the Atlas V rocket, operated by United Launch Alliance (ULA). This transition involved extensive upgrades to the pad’s infrastructure and the installation of new ground support equipment to accommodate the Atlas V. These modifications ensured that SLC-41 could meet the requirements of modern space missions.

Under ULA’s management, SLC-41 has hosted a range of important launches, including the Mars Science Laboratory mission, which successfully landed the Curiosity rover on Mars in August 2012, and the launch of GPS III satellites, enhancing global positioning capabilities. The pad has also supported Boeing's CST-100 Starliner capsule, which is part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. The Starliner capsule, designed to transport astronauts to and from the International Space Station, has been launched from SLC-41 to support crewed missions.

Looking to the future, SLC-41 is set to support ULA’s Vulcan Centaur rocket. The Vulcan Centaur is intended to replace the Atlas V and Delta IV rockets, marking a new era in ULA’s launch capabilities with enhanced performance and cost-efficiency. The pad’s infrastructure will be further updated to accommodate this next-generation rocket.

Photo courtesy of ULA.